Manufacturing Industry Full Notes

Manufacturing Industry Notes

1. Introduction 

2. Importance of Manufacturing

3. Classification of industry

4.  Agro- based industry 

5. Mineral - based industries 

6. Industrial pollution and environmental degradation

7. Control of Environmental Degradation

1. Introduction

 Definition -- The process in which raw materials are transformed into valuable products in large quantity is called manufacturing . 

The industry where this is done is called manufacturing industry.

 e.g :- Sugar mill where sugarcane is converted into sugar .

Here sugarcane = raw materials

and sugar  = a valuable product

  📝 Note -- Manufacturing industry is also called secondary sector .

2. Importance of manufacturing 

It is considered the backbone of economic development because 

a) It helps in modernising the agriculture.

b) It reduces heavy dependence of people on agricultural incomes .

c) It helps in reducing unemployment and poverty.

d)  The manufactured goods can be exported which also helps in expanding trade and bringing much needed foreign exchange .

Q. "Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other", Justify this statement. 

         ➡️ The industry uses raw materials from agriculture sector. 

      ➡️ The agriculture sector obtains many equipments from industry like tractors, fertilizers and tools etc....

Contribution of Industry to National economy 

 ➡️   The share of manufacturing sector in GDP has been less than the East Asian economies. 

➡️  To develop the sector of manufacturing industries,  government has set up national manufacturimg competitiveness council (NMCC). 

# Industrial Location 

The location of a factory is influenced by the following factors. 

      a)  Availability of raw materials 

      b)   Availability of Labour 

      c)   Availability of power 

      d)  Government policies 

      e)  Closeness to markets 

# Relation between industrialisation and Urbanization 

➡️ After an industrial activity starts in rural areas ,  the urbanisation begins to happen. 

      ➡️ Sometimes they are located in or near cities. Cities provide markets and services such as banking,  insurance, transport and labour etc to the industries. 

➡️ When many Industries make use of advantages offered by the urban center , that is known as agglomeration economies. 

3.Classification of industries

 a) On the basis of raw material used

   i )Agro-based industries

   The industries which uses agricultural         goods as raw materials is called agro             based industry.

 E. g:- cotton, Jute , silk , tea and sugar etc 

 ii) Mineral-based industries 

   The industries that uses Minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

e.g :-  Iron and Steel , Cement , Aluminium etc .

b) On the Basis of Role Played by Them

 ➡️ basic or  key industries

 The industries which supply their products as raw material to other industries are called basic or key industries.

 e.g :-  Iron and Steel , Copper smelting etc

 ➡️ Consumer Industries

The Industries whose goods are directly used by the consumers are called consumer industry.

 e.g :- Sugar , toothpaste , paper etc.

c)  On the Basis of Capital Investment

➡️ Small Scale Industries

The industries which make investment upto 1 crore is referred to as small scale industies. 

➡️ Large Scale Industries

The industries which make investment  above 1 crore is called large scale industry.

d) On the Basis of Ownership

➡️ Public Sector 

The sector which are owned and operated by government agencies.

e.g :- BHEL , SAIL etc 

➡️ Private Sector

The industries which are owned by and operated by individual or group of individuals .

e.g :- Tisco , Bajaj Auto Limited etc 

✔️  Joint Sector

The Sector which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals is called joint sector .

e.g :-  Oil India Limited 

✔️ Cooperative sector 

The sector which are owned and operated by the producer or suppliers of raw material , workers or both .

They share profit and loss together .

e. g :- sugar industry in Maharashtra

e) On the basis of bulk and weight 

➡️ Heavy Industries

The industries in which large machines and heavy raw materials are used to produce product which are heavy or bulky.

e. g :- Automobile and Construction machinery. 

➡️ Light industries 

The industries which uses light raw material and produces light goods are called light industries

e.g :- Electrical and Toy Industries

4. Agro Based Industries

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and

edible oil etc. industries are based on

agricultural raw materials.

A. Textile Industry: 

The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes to :

a) industrial production ,

b)  employment generation ( The Second largest after agriculture) and

c) foreign exchange earnings .

d) It contributes 4 % towards GDP.

 e) It is the only industry in the country,

which is self-reliant and complete in the value

chain i.e., from raw material to the highest

value added products.

      i)  Cotton Textiles:

➡️ In ancient India, cotton

textiles were produced with hand spinning

and handloom weaving techniques. 

➡️ After the 18th century, power-looms came into use.

 ➡️Our traditional industries suffered a setback

during the colonial period because they

could not compete with the mill-made cloth

from England.

#Concentration in Maharashtra and Gujarat 

In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to the availability of

a)   raw cotton

b)  Market

c)  Transport

d)  Accessible port facilities

e)  labour,

f)  moist climate. 

#Cotton Industry supports :

➡️ This industry provides a living to farmers.

➡️ It also provide job to cotton boll pluckers and workers.

➡️  The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials etc. 

Spinning 

Spinning continues to be centralised

in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Weaving 

➡️ Weaving is highly decentralised to provide

scope for traditional skills and

designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. 

➡ ️India has world class production in spinning, but when it comes to weaving it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.

➡️ India exports yarn to Japan. Other

importers of cotton goods from India are

U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European

countries etc. 

Challenges faced by industry 

➡️ Power supply is erratic 

➡️ Machinery needs to be upgraded

➡️ Low output of labour  and

➡️  Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

    ii) Jute Textiles

Rank -  India (1st in production ) 

           - India (2nd in export after Bangladesh) 

#Factors responsible for their location in

the Hugli basin are

➡️ Raw materials are easily available in large amount 

➡️ Inexpensive water transport

➡️ Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways .

This helps in the movement of raw material to the mills.

➡️ Abundant water for processing raw jute

➡️ Cheap labour from West Bengal and

adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar

Pradesh. 

➡️ Kolkata -- as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Challenges faced by the industry 

➡️ Stiff competition in the international market from Synthetic Jutes 

➡️ from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines etc. 

Opportunities 

The internal demand has increased due

to the Government policy of mandatory use of

jute packaging.

National Jute Policy

 In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the purpose of 

. Increasing quality and quantity 

. and ensuring good prices to the jute farmers

Note -- The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia.

  iii) Sugar Industry

Rank -- India  ( 2nd in Sugar) 

          -   India ( 1st in Gur and Khandsari )

Location -- 60 % mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Note --This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is

ideally suited to the cooperative sector. 

# Reason to Concentrate in the southern

and western states in recent years

✔️ The cane produced here has a

higher sucrose content.

✔️  Favourable climate

✔️ The cooperatives are more

successful in these states.

# Major challenges

 ➡️ The seasonal nature of the industry

➡️ old and inefficient methods of production

➡️ Transport delay in reaching cane to factories 

➡️  Baggage are not used in maximum. 

➡️ The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage (transporting ) , its sucrose content reduces.

Mineral based Industries

Industries that use minerals and metal as raw materials are called Mineral Based Industries.

 1. Iron and Steel Industry

Traits 

➡️ This Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries  depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of product. 

e. g :-  Construction material, Defence, Medical, scientific equipment etc. 

➡️ Iron and steel is a heavy industry

because all the raw materials as well as 

finished goods are heavy and bulky . 

Rank --  India ( 4th in Steel) 

          ---  India (1st in  Sponge Iron) 

Note --  Most of the public sector undertakings

market their steel through Steel Authority of

India Ltd. (SAIL).

#Concentration of iron and steel industries in Chotanagpur plateau region 

a)  Low cost of iron ore

b)  High grade raw materials 

c)  Cheap labour and

d)  Vast growth potential in the home market.

Challenges

(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal 

(b) Lower productivity of labour

 (c) Irregular supply of energy and

 (d) Poor infrastructure.

Note -- Liberalisation and Foreign Direct

Investment have given a boost to the industry

with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

2. Aluminium Smelting

Aluminium smelting is the second most

important metallurgical industry in India.

Traits 

a)  It is light.

b)  It has resistant to corrosion.

c)  It is good conductor of heat.

d) It is  malleable and 

e)  becomes strong when it is

mixed with other metals.

Use -- It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

Note -- It has replaced steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.

Location -- Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh etc. 

Why here ?

a) Regular supply of electricity and 

b) Raw material at minimum cost 

Note -- Bauxite, the raw material used in the

smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured

rock. 

3. Chemical Industries

➡️ The Chemical industry in India is fast growing

and diversifying.

➡️  It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.

➡️ It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. 

Types 

 a)  Inorganic chemicals

e. g :- i) Sulphuric Acid  ( Used to manufacture Fertilisers, Synthetic Fibres, Plastics, Adhesives, Paints, Dyes Stuffs ), 

    ii)  Nitric acid ( Used to make fertiliser) 

    iii)  Alkalies 

    iv) Soda ash 

b) Organic Chemicals

 ➡️  It includes petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.

 ➡️ Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

# The chemical industry is its own largest

consumer. How? 

Basic chemicals undergo processing

to further produce other chemicals that are

used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets. 

4. Fertiliser Industry

➡️ The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of

    ✔️ nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly

urea), 

    ✔️ phosphatic fertilisers and

 ✔️  phosphate (DAP) and 

  ✔️ complex fertilisers which

have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate(P), and potash (K).

 Note --  The potash is entirely imported.

 ➡️ After the Green Revolution the industry

expanded to several other parts of the country.

e. g :- Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala 

Cement Industry

 Requirement --  Limestone, Silica, Alumina and Gypsum

Use --  building houses, factories, bridges,

roads, airports etc

Note --  The first Cement plant was set up in

Chennai in 1904. 

After Independence the

cement industry made rapid

strides in capacity, process, technology and

production. 

 Market -- East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country. 

Conclusion -- This industry is doing well in terms of production

as well as export. Efforts are being made to

generate adequate domestic demand and

supply in order to sustain this industry.

Automobile Industry

 ➡️  It provides vehicle for quick

transport of good services and passengers.

➡️ Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,

three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are

manufactured in India at various centres.

➡️ This industry had experienced a

quantum jump in less than 15 years because of Foreign

Direct Investment. 

Major Location ---  Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,

Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,

Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

Information Technology and

Electronics Industry

➡️ The electronics industry covers a wide range

of products from transistor sets to television,

telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone

exchange, radars, computers etc. 

➡️ Bangalore has

emerged as the electronic capital of India. ➡️ Other

important centres for electronic goods are

Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,

Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

 ➡️ 

Concentration of IT industry ---  Bangalore, Noida,

Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

 Traits 

➡️ It has better performance on

employment generation. 

➡️ It is encouraging to

know that 30% women are employed

in this sector  .

➡️ This industry has

been a major foreign exchange earner in the

last two or three years because of its fast

growing Business Processes Outsourcing

(BPO) sector. 

➡️ The continuing growth in the

hardware and software is the key to the success

Industrial Pollution and Environmental

Degradation

Although industries contribute 

significantly to the development but

they have also caused pollution , which 

cannot be overlooked.

Industries are responsible for four types of

pollution: 

     i) Air pollution 

  It is caused by the presence of high

proportion of

sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and dust, sprays mist and

smoke. 

Effects :- 

Air pollution

badly affects human health, animals, plants,

buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

ii ) Water pollution

➡️ It is caused by organic and

inorganic industrial wastes and affluents

discharged into rivers. 

➡ Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and

dyeing etc are mainly responsible for it..

Note -- Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron 

and steel slags are the major solid wastes  

in india.

Thermal pollution

Thermal Pollution of water occurs when 

hot water from factories and thermal 

plants is

drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Effects :

It causes cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.

 Soil Pollution 

➡️ Soil and water pollution are closely related.

➡️ Dumping of wastes specially glass, 

harmful chemicals,  packaging, salts

and garbage renders the soil useless.

 ➡️Rain water takes the soil carrying the

pollutants to the ground and the ground 

water also gets contaminated.

Noise pollution

➡️ machinery, factory equipment, 

generators,and electric drills also

make a lot of noise.

Effects 

    It can cause

   a)  irritation

     b)  anger

 c) hearing

impairment, 

d) increased heart rate and blood

pressure 

Control of Environmental Degradation

Following steps can be taken to control the environmental degradation.. 

(i) Minimising use water for processing by

reusing and recycling it in two or more

successive stages

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water

requirements

(iii) treating hot water and effluents before

releasing them in rivers and ponds.

iv) Overdrawing of ground water reserves 

 also needs to be regulated legally.

v)  Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by

fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic

precipitators, fabric filters etc. 

vi)  Smoke can be reduced by

using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

vii)  Machinery and equipment and

generators should be fitted with silencers.

NTPC shows the way

➡️ NTPC is a major power providing corporation

in India.

➡️ It has ISO certification for EMS

(Environment Management System) .

➡️The corporation has a pro-active approach

for preserving the natural environment and

resources like water, oil and gas and fuels

in places where it is setting up power plants.

Steps taken by them are :

(a)

Adopting the latest techniques and

upgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation by

maximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts by  afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution through

ash pond management, ash water recycling

system and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its

power stations.

~Seminary Classes 

Tag:- Manufacturing Industry Notes, Class X SST notes.