Resources and Development Full Notes

Class X Geo

Ch-1 Resources and Development Notes

Topics of the chapter

1. Definition of Resources

2. Classification of Resources

3. Resource Planning

4. Land Resources

5. Soil Resources

Resource: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is

a) Technologically accessible,

b) Economically feasible

And

c) Culturally acceptable

can be termed as Resource .

# The Interdependent Relationship between Nature, Technology and Institutions.

. Humans use technology to interact with resources then create institutions to use it for accelerating the development...

# Classification of Resources :

(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic

(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable

d) On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.

✔️ Biotic Resources -- The resources that are obtained from biosphere and have life.

e.g :- Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.

✔️ Abiotic Resources -- All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.

e.g:- Rocks and metals.

✔️ Renewable Resources -- The resources that can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes .

e.g:-- Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.

✔️ Non-Renewable Resources -- The resources that take millions of years in their formation.

e.g :-- Fossil Fuels etc...

✔️ Individual Resources : The resources that are owned privately by individuals. E.g:-- Car , Bike ,land etc

✔️ Community Owned Resources : The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.

E.g: -- Grazing grounds, Burial grounds, Village ponds, public parks, picnic spots,playgrounds etc

✔️ National Resources :

The resources under the control of state. or central government are called National Resources.

Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good.

e.g :- Road, Canal , Railways etc..

✔️ International Resources :- The resources that are regulated by international institutions .

E.g:- The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean

and no individual country can utilise these without the permission of international institutions.

✔️ Potential Resources :- The resources that are found around us but not developed properly due to lack of investment in technology.

e.g:- Solar energy in Rajasthan ,

Wind energy in Gujarat

✔️ Developed Resources :- The resources whose quantity and quality is known.They are currently being used as they have been developed .

e.g :- Coal , Petroleum etc.

✔️ Stock :- The resources which can not be extracted due to lack of technology is termed as stock....

e.g:- H20 can be broken into H2 and O2 , which can be further used for fuel...

✔️ Reserve :- The resources that can be put into use with the help of existing technology.But they are secured to be used in future...

e.g:- River water can be used to generate hydroelectric power..

2. Resource Planning

Definition:- It is a technique for utilising it effectively

✔️ Why it is needed ?

a) Resources are being depleted due to their overuse and misuse.

b) Unequal distribution of resources have divided the people into rich and poor. The resources are accumulated into a few hand...

c) Improper use of resources has led to problem like :

. Global Warming

. Ozone depletion

. Pollution and

. Land degradation

Conclusion :- If we continue using the resources as of present trend , the future of our planet will be in danger .

Therefore, Resource Planning and sustainable development is necessary...

# Meeting at Rio De Generio

Participants -- In june 1992 more than 100 heads of states met in Rio De Generio ( Brazil).

Objectives -- To address problem of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development.

Result --- Adoption of Agenda 21 for sustainable development in the 21st century...

# Steps of Resource Planning in India

i) Identification and listing of resources :-

Identification of resources throughout the country by surveying .Quality and quantity is also estimated in this process.

e.g :- Coal in Jharkhand

ii) Planning for exploitation :-

This step involves planning for resource development with the help of technology, skill and institution.

iii) Matching resource development plans with overall nation development.

# Conservation

We should conserve the resources to stop overuse or misuse of it which may cause environmental problems .

This had been the main concerns of leaders and thinkers in the past .

e.g :- Gandhiji said "There is enough for everyone's need and not for everybody's greed"

3. Land resources

It is one of the most important resources because it supports vegetation common human and wildlife transport communication and other economic activities.

Categories of land

i) Plane (43%) --

It support human settlement, agriculture and industry etc..

ii) Mountains (30%) --

It is a source of many rivers and offers very attractive sites for the tourists.

iii) Plateau (27%) --

They contain the valuable minerals and are filled with the forests.

# Land Utilisation

land resources are used for the following purposes

1. Forests

2. Agricultural Land

3. Non-agricultural Land

(i) Barren land

(ii) Land used for construction --- Buildings, roads, industries and Hospitals.

(iii) Grazing land

(iv) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves.

The cultivable land which is not included in the net sown area.

e.g:- Bamboos, bushes are grown in this land..

(v) Cultivable Wasteland

The land that is left uncultivated for more than 5 years , it became westland due to negligence.

(vi) Fallow Land --

The land that is ploug hed but left uncultivated usually for a year.

It is done so that so it can recover their fertility.

Some important terms :

a. Net Sown Area -- The net area that is sown with crops in an agricultural year is referred to as Net Sown Area.

b. Gross Cropped Area -- It refers to the net sown area and the area sown more than once in an agricultural year.

LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA

Factors that determine the use of land:

Physical Factors ----- Topography, Climate, Soil Types.

Human factors --------- Population density, Technological capability and Culture and traditions etc.

Note --- Land use data is available only for 93 % of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully.

Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.

➡️The land under permanent pasture has

also decreased.

➡️ The percentage of NSA in India comes

to about 54 per cent of the total reporting area.

➡️The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another.

It is over 80 % of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 % in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur .

➡️Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area.

➡️A part of the land is termed as waste land which includes rocky, arid and desert areas .

➡️Land put to other non-agricultural

uses includes settlements, roads, railways,

industry etc.

Conclusion : Continuous use of land over a

long period of time without taking

appropriate measures to conserve and

manage it, has resulted in land degradation.

This, in turn, has serious repercussions on

society and the environment.

#Land Degradation

It refers to the degradation or damage of land caused by natural forces and human activities .

✔️Reason for land degradation

(i) Overgrazing ( Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)

(ii) Over irrigation (Punjab,Haryana, West UP)

(iii) Impropar disposal of Industrial waste

(iv) Mining(MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand)

(v) Deforestation

✔️Measure to conserve land

1. Stopping overgrazing

2. Proper disposal of Industrial waste

3. Controlling mining activities. 4. Afforestation

5. Stabilizing sand dunes

4. Soil as a Resource

It is the most important renewable natural resource because it supports plant growth and different types of living organism.

# types of soil

on the basis of colour, thickness , age ,chemical and physical properties the soils of India are classified into the following types

1. Alluvial Soil

2. Black Soil

3. Red and Yellow Soil

4. Laterite Soil

5. Arid Soil

6. Forest Soil

1. Alluvial soil

. It is most widely spread soil as the northern plains are made up of it .

. It is also found in the eastern coastal plains in deltas of Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri rivers .

Crops -- it is considered ideal for growing wheat, paddy , sugarcane and other pulse crops.

types :

a) Bangar (Old Alluvial Soil)

It has higher concentration of kankar and this is less fertile .

b) Khadar (New Alluvial Soil )

It has less concentration of kankar and is more fertile than Bangar.

2. Black Soil --

. It is black in colour and also known as Black cotton soil because it is ideal for growing cotton .

.It is spread over Northwest Deccan Plateau.

. It is made up of Lava flows.

Characteristics :-

. It is well known for holding moisture.

. It develops deep crack during hot weather and gets sticky when wet .

3.Red and Yellow Soil --

.It is developed on igneous rock in areas of less rainfall .

.It is found in south and east of deccan plateau and parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh etc.

.This has developed reddish colour due to diffusion of iron,

it looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form (water is added in it ).

Crops -Millet (Dry)

Wheat, Potato , cotton (Wet)

4. Laterite soil

Meaning -- It is derived from the Latin word ' later ' meaning brick .

Formation -- It is formed by intense leaching due to heavy rain.

Places -- It is found in Western Ghats region, parts of West Bengal and north east regions.

Traits

a) These soils are very prone to erosion due to their position on the landscape .

b) It lacks humus .

c) After proper soil conservation technique particularly in the hilly areas , it becomes good enough to grow some crops.

Crops -- tea , coffee , cashew nut etc..

5. Arid soil

It means dry which clearly indicates where it will be found in abundance .

It is found in Western Rajasthan.

traits

It ranges from red to brown in colour .

It is Sandy in texture and saline in nature. soil lacks humos and moisture

The lower horizons are occupied by Kankar . This restricts the infiltration of water in the bottom horizon

After proper irrigation the soils become cultivable.

6. Forest soil

This soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain are available.

Traits

The soil texture vary according to the mountain environment where they are formed.

In snow covered areas of Himalaya these soils experience denudation and are acidic in nature.

Soils found in lower part of valley are fertile .

Soil Erosion

The Washing of soil cover is defined as soil erosion.

Usually there is a balance between soil formation and its erosion but some time it gets disturbed due to deforestation overgrazing and mining.

Types of soil erosion

a) Gully Erosion

when running water cuts through the clay soil and makes deep channel as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.

Note -- In Chambal such lands are called Ravine

b) Sheet Erosion

when water flows as a sheet over a large area down a slope . In such cases the topsoil is washed away , this is known as sheet erosion .

c) Wind Erosion

When wind blows loose soil Off flat or sloping land .This is known as wind erosion .

Note -- Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming .

Conservation measures

many steps and methods are used to conserve the soil erosion.

Contour ploughing

Terrace farming

Strip Farming

Shelterbelts

1. Contour Ploughing

The flowing along the contour lines is called contour ploughing.

It helps decelerate the flow of water down the slopes .

2. Terrace farming ---

The farming technique in which steps can be cut out slopes making terraces is called terrace farming.

3. Strip farming --

The farming method in which large fields are divided into strips . The grasses are grown between the crops alternatively to break up the force of wind .