Class X Complete Geography Notes
Ch-1 Resources and Development Notes
Topics of the chapter
1. Definition of Resources
2. Classification of Resources
3. Resource Planning
4. Land Resources
5. Soil Resources
Resource: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is
a) Technologically accessible,
b) Economically feasible
And
c) Culturally acceptable
can be termed as Resource .
# The Interdependent Relationship between Nature, Technology and Institutions.
. Humans use technology to interact with resources then create institutions to use it for accelerating the development...
# Classification of Resources :
(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
d) On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
✔️ Biotic Resources -- The resources that are obtained from biosphere and have life.
e.g :- Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
✔️ Abiotic Resources -- All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.
e.g:- Rocks and metals.
✔️ Renewable Resources -- The resources that can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes .
e.g:-- Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
✔️ Non-Renewable Resources -- The resources that take millions of years in their formation.
e.g :-- Fossil Fuels etc...
✔️ Individual Resources : The resources that are owned privately by individuals. E.g:-- Car , Bike ,land etc
✔️ Community Owned Resources : The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.
E.g: -- Grazing grounds, Burial grounds, Village ponds, public parks, picnic spots,playgrounds etc
✔️ National Resources :
The resources under the control of state. or central government are called National Resources.
Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good.
e.g :- Road, Canal , Railways etc..
✔️ International Resources :- The resources that are regulated by international institutions .
E.g:- The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean
and no individual country can utilise these without the permission of international institutions.
✔️ Potential Resources :- The resources that are found around us but not developed properly due to lack of investment in technology.
e.g:- Solar energy in Rajasthan ,
Wind energy in Gujarat
✔️ Developed Resources :- The resources whose quantity and quality is known.They are currently being used as they have been developed .
e.g :- Coal , Petroleum etc.
✔️ Stock :- The resources which can not be extracted due to lack of technology is termed as stock....
e.g:- H20 can be broken into H2 and O2 , which can be further used for fuel...
✔️ Reserve :- The resources that can be put into use with the help of existing technology.But they are secured to be used in future...
e.g:- River water can be used to generate hydroelectric power..
2. Resource Planning
Definition:- It is a technique for utilising it effectively
✔️ Why it is needed ?
a) Resources are being depleted due to their overuse and misuse.
b) Unequal distribution of resources have divided the people into rich and poor. The resources are accumulated into a few hand...
c) Improper use of resources has led to problem like :
. Global Warming
. Ozone depletion
. Pollution and
. Land degradation
Conclusion :- If we continue using the resources as of present trend , the future of our planet will be in danger .
Therefore, Resource Planning and sustainable development is necessary...
# Meeting at Rio De Generio
Participants -- In june 1992 more than 100 heads of states met in Rio De Generio ( Brazil).
Objectives -- To address problem of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development.
Result --- Adoption of Agenda 21 for sustainable development in the 21st century...
# Steps of Resource Planning in India
i) Identification and listing of resources :-
Identification of resources throughout the country by surveying .Quality and quantity is also estimated in this process.
e.g :- Coal in Jharkhand
ii) Planning for exploitation :-
This step involves planning for resource development with the help of technology, skill and institution.
iii) Matching resource development plans with overall nation development.
# Conservation
We should conserve the resources to stop overuse or misuse of it which may cause environmental problems .
This had been the main concerns of leaders and thinkers in the past .
e.g :- Gandhiji said "There is enough for everyone's need and not for everybody's greed"
3. Land resources
It is one of the most important resources because it supports vegetation common human and wildlife transport communication and other economic activities.
Categories of land
i) Plane (43%) --
It support human settlement, agriculture and industry etc..
ii) Mountains (30%) --
It is a source of many rivers and offers very attractive sites for the tourists.
iii) Plateau (27%) --
They contain the valuable minerals and are filled with the forests.
# Land Utilisation
land resources are used for the following purposes
1. Forests
2. Agricultural Land
3. Non-agricultural Land
(i) Barren land
(ii) Land used for construction --- Buildings, roads, industries and Hospitals.
(iii) Grazing land
(iv) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves.
The cultivable land which is not included in the net sown area.
e.g:- Bamboos, bushes are grown in this land..
(v) Cultivable Wasteland
The land that is left uncultivated for more than 5 years , it became westland due to negligence.
(vi) Fallow Land --
The land that is ploug hed but left uncultivated usually for a year.
It is done so that so it can recover their fertility.
Some important terms :
a. Net Sown Area -- The net area that is sown with crops in an agricultural year is referred to as Net Sown Area.
b. Gross Cropped Area -- It refers to the net sown area and the area sown more than once in an agricultural year.
LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
Factors that determine the use of land:
Physical Factors ----- Topography, Climate, Soil Types.
Human factors --------- Population density, Technological capability and Culture and traditions etc.
Note --- Land use data is available only for 93 % of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully.
Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.
➡️The land under permanent pasture has
also decreased.
➡️ The percentage of NSA in India comes
to about 54 per cent of the total reporting area.
➡️The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another.
It is over 80 % of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 % in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur .
➡️Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area.
➡️A part of the land is termed as waste land which includes rocky, arid and desert areas .
➡️Land put to other non-agricultural
uses includes settlements, roads, railways,
industry etc.
Conclusion : Continuous use of land over a
long period of time without taking
appropriate measures to conserve and
manage it, has resulted in land degradation.
This, in turn, has serious repercussions on
society and the environment.
#Land Degradation
It refers to the degradation or damage of land caused by natural forces and human activities .
✔️Reason for land degradation
(i) Overgrazing ( Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)
(ii) Over irrigation (Punjab,Haryana, West UP)
(iii) Impropar disposal of Industrial waste
(iv) Mining(MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand)
(v) Deforestation
✔️Measure to conserve land
1. Stopping overgrazing
2. Proper disposal of Industrial waste
3. Controlling mining activities. 4. Afforestation
5. Stabilizing sand dunes
4. Soil as a Resource
It is the most important renewable natural resource because it supports plant growth and different types of living organism.
# types of soil
on the basis of colour, thickness , age ,chemical and physical properties the soils of India are classified into the following types
1. Alluvial Soil
2. Black Soil
3. Red and Yellow Soil
4. Laterite Soil
5. Arid Soil
6. Forest Soil
1. Alluvial soil
. It is most widely spread soil as the northern plains are made up of it .
. It is also found in the eastern coastal plains in deltas of Mahanadi Godavari Krishna and Kaveri rivers .
Crops -- it is considered ideal for growing wheat, paddy , sugarcane and other pulse crops.
types :
a) Bangar (Old Alluvial Soil)
It has higher concentration of kankar and this is less fertile .
b) Khadar (New Alluvial Soil )
It has less concentration of kankar and is more fertile than Bangar.
2. Black Soil --
. It is black in colour and also known as Black cotton soil because it is ideal for growing cotton .
.It is spread over Northwest Deccan Plateau.
. It is made up of Lava flows.
Characteristics :-
. It is well known for holding moisture.
. It develops deep crack during hot weather and gets sticky when wet .
3.Red and Yellow Soil --
.It is developed on igneous rock in areas of less rainfall .
.It is found in south and east of deccan plateau and parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh etc.
.This has developed reddish colour due to diffusion of iron,
it looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form (water is added in it ).
Crops -Millet (Dry)
Wheat, Potato , cotton (Wet)
4. Laterite soil
Meaning -- It is derived from the Latin word ' later ' meaning brick .
Formation -- It is formed by intense leaching due to heavy rain.
Places -- It is found in Western Ghats region, parts of West Bengal and north east regions.
Traits
a) These soils are very prone to erosion due to their position on the landscape .
b) It lacks humus .
c) After proper soil conservation technique particularly in the hilly areas , it becomes good enough to grow some crops.
Crops -- tea , coffee , cashew nut etc..
5. Arid soil
It means dry which clearly indicates where it will be found in abundance .
It is found in Western Rajasthan.
traits
It ranges from red to brown in colour .
It is Sandy in texture and saline in nature. soil lacks humos and moisture
The lower horizons are occupied by Kankar . This restricts the infiltration of water in the bottom horizon
After proper irrigation the soils become cultivable.
6. Forest soil
This soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain are available.
Traits
The soil texture vary according to the mountain environment where they are formed.
In snow covered areas of Himalaya these soils experience denudation and are acidic in nature.
Soils found in lower part of valley are fertile .
Soil Erosion
The Washing of soil cover is defined as soil erosion.
Usually there is a balance between soil formation and its erosion but some time it gets disturbed due to deforestation overgrazing and mining.
Types of soil erosion
a) Gully Erosion
when running water cuts through the clay soil and makes deep channel as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land.
Note -- In Chambal such lands are called Ravine
b) Sheet Erosion
when water flows as a sheet over a large area down a slope . In such cases the topsoil is washed away , this is known as sheet erosion .
c) Wind Erosion
When wind blows loose soil Off flat or sloping land .This is known as wind erosion .
Note -- Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming .
Conservation measures
many steps and methods are used to conserve the soil erosion.
Contour ploughing
Terrace farming
Strip Farming
Shelterbelts
1. Contour Ploughing
The flowing along the contour lines is called contour ploughing.
It helps decelerate the flow of water down the slopes .
2. Terrace farming ---
The farming technique in which steps can be cut out slopes making terraces is called terrace farming.
3. Strip farming --
The farming method in which large fields are divided into strips . The grasses are grown between the crops alternatively to break up the force of wind .
4. Shelterbelt
The row of trees are planted around the crops to create Shelters are known as shelterbelts .
It helps in stabilizing of sand dunes and reducing the speed of winds to protect the soil.
Forest and Wildlife Resources Notes
Conservation and community
"
In our country many communities live in forests and earn their livelihoods from there. Thus securing the forest is very important for them.
Following are the example of cases in which local community tried to secure and conserve the forest.
A. Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan)
Villagers have fought against mining by citing the wildlife protection act.
B.Alwar District (Rajasthan)
Five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan declared 1200 hectares of forests as Bhairodev Dakav Sonchiri . They declared their own set of rules which -
• do not allow hunting
• protect wildlife against any outside encroachment.
C. Chipko Movement
It was a movement spread in Himalayas to save trees. This is mainly done through acts of hugging trees. This was led by Sundarlal Bahuguna.
D. Beej Bachao Andolan
It was also known as save the seeds movement.It was started by the farmers in Tehri( Uttarakhand). It was launched to protect traditional seeds.
E. Navdanya
It is an NGO which promotes biodiversity and seed saving.
F. Joint Forest Management
• The program has started since 1988 from Odisha.
• It refers to the management of forest by government and community.
• In this system, local people protects forests and wildlife in return they get timber and non-timber forest produce.
G. Sacred Groves
• It refers to the forest of God and Goddess. • These forests are considered sacred holy and their preservation is like religious duty. • Due to such beliefs these forests have not been destroyed.
• Different tribal societies worship a particular tree which are mentioned below.
Water Resources Full Notes
1. Intro
2. Scarcity of water
3. Conservation Methods
a. Dams
b. Rainwater harvesting
1. Introduction
--3/4 of the earth's surface is covered with water but the percentage of freshwater is very low.
They are mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater .
water keeps moving in a cycle called hydrological cycle also known as water cycle which ensure water to be a renewable resource.
Facts
√ 96.5% of total water are salt water which are not useable.
√ Only 2.5% are freshwater, even 70 % of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountainous regions.
√ 30 % is stored as groundwater in the world's aquifers.
2. Scarcity of water
It refers to lack of quality and quantity of water in any particular region. These are following reasons for water scarcity.
a. Large and growing population
Due to rising population, need for water increases which leads to scarcity due to over consumption.
b. Irrigation
√ To feed large population, production of more food is required. And to facilitate higher food grain production, water resources are being overexploited to expand irrigated fields.
√ Using tubewells for irrigation can lower the groundwater levels.
c. Industries
√ After Independence many industries were set up in India, which also exerts pressure on freshwater resources.
d. Urban problem
√ In urban areas, groundwater pumping devices have contributed to the downfall of groundwater.
So far we have focused on the scarcity of water in terms of quantity, let us consider scarcity of water due to its bad quality.
Major reasons a. Pollution due to domestic, industrial wastes, chemical, pesticides and fertilisers.
Need for conservation
we should conserve our water resources :
A. To safeguard ourself from health hazards B. To ensure food security.
C. To prevent degradation of our natural resources
Conservation Methods
1. Dams
From ancient times we have been constructing dams.
For example :
• In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.
• During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built
• In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
Even in modern times it is being built, before we talk about it advantage or disadvantages let us first know what a dam is.
"A dam is a barrier across flowing water that slows down or directs the flow of water. It also results in creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. "
It is also called temple of modern India by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Advantages
Traditionally it was only used for irrigation but today it is built for
A. Electricity generation B. Irrigation. C. Water supply for domestic and industrial uses. D. Flood controls. E. Recreation. F. Fish breeding Hence dams are now referred to as multipurpose project .
For example - Bhakra Nangal Dam is used both for Hydel power generation and irrigation.
Integrated Water Resources Management
It refers to the management of water resources in a way where many uses of water are integrated with one another.
Disadvantages
A. Natural flow of water gets affected.
B. It becomes difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
C. It could submerge the existing vegetation and soil.
D. It has caused large scale displacement of local community - That is why many new social movements like Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan has started in India. E. This led to salinisation of the soil. F. Sharing of water is also causing conflicts among people. e. g:- Sabarmati Basin in Gujarat .G. It is also unsuccessful in controlling the floods.
Narmada Bachao Andolan
It is a NGO that mobilised people against Sardar Sarovar Dam built across Narmada river in Gujarat. Initially it focused on the trees that are submerged by dam. Recently they focused to get displaced people for rehabilitation
Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting system was a better alternative system as compared to Dams.
In ancient times extraordinary tradition of water harvesting system was prevalent in India.
Guls/Kuls
Diversion channel for agriculture in Western Himalayas.
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting. in Rajasthan. Inundation channel - in Bengal. Khadins (Jaisalmer) -- Fields that gets converted into rain fed storage structure.
Tankas (Bikaner, Barmer) -- Built inside the main house or courtyard, used for drinking water. In the tankas rainwater is stored which was referred to as Palar Pani in these regions.
Bamboo pipe irrigation system - Meghalaya
Rainwater harvesting in decline
As plenty of water is available due to Indira canal, still some houses keep tank as they do not like the taste of tap water.
Notes of Chapter 4 Agriculture Class 10 Geography
1. Types Of Farming
2. Cropping Pattern
3. Major Crops
• Food crops
• Non food crops
4. Technological and institutional reforms
5. Food security
6. Impact of globalisation on agriculture
Introduction
Agriculture:- The art of cultivating the field and the rearing of livestock is referred to as agriculture.
It is a primary activity which produce most of the food grains, raw materials for industries and products like tea, coffee and spices to be exported.
1. Types of farming
a) Primitive subsistence farming
b) Intensive subsistence farming
c) Commercial farming
A. Primitive subsistence farming
The farming in which primitive tools like hoe, dao are used with the help of family or community labour is referred to as primitive subsistence farming.
Features
➡️ It depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil, therefore land productivity is very low.
➡️ It is also known as slash and burn agriculture as --- The farmers cut the trees and burn them into ashes and then sow the seeds therein.
➡️ The farmers leave this land after harvesting and move to find a fresh patch of land.
➡️The crops are grown only for the survival of the farmers, and not for the sale.
B.Intensive subsistence farming
The farming method which is also done for the survival of the community members only but with the help of irrigation and biochemical inputs.
Features
➡️ It is practised in areas with high population pressure on land.
➡️In this farming system, land productivity is much better than that of primitive farming method.
C. Commercial Farming
The farming method in which crops are grown for earning profits by selling it is known as commercial farming.
Plantation
It is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area .
E. G:- Tea, coffee, sugarcane etc are the major plantation crops in India.
Features
➡️Very high dose of fertilisers,HYV seeds, insecticides and pesticides are used.
➡️ In this farming method, Land productivity is very high.
➡️ It requires intensive labour and large patches of land.
➡️ It gets connected with the industries through the well developed network of transportation and roads.
2. Cropping Pattern
There are three patterns of cropping which can also be referred to as cropping season.
a) Rabi
Sown -- In winter (Oct-- Dec)
Harvested -- In summer (April --June)
Region --- North and northwestern parts of India (Punjab, Haryana, UP etc)
Examples -- Wheat, Barley, peas, gram etc.
Note -- Green Revolution and western temperate cyclone are keyfactors in the growth of Rabi crops.
b) Kharif
Sown -- With the onset of the monsoon
Harvested -- Sept to oct
States --- West Bengal ,Assam, Odisha etc.
Examples --- Paddy, Jowar, Bajra ,Maize🌽 ,Cotton, Jute etc.
Note -- In Assam ,West Bengal and Odisha three crops of paddy(Aman,Boro,Aus) are grown in a year.
c) Zaid
The short season during the summer months between Rabi and Kharif seasons is known as Zaid season.
e. g:- Watermelon 🍉 ,Muskmelon, cucumber etc.
3. Major Crops
Food Crops
a) Rice (Kharif)
➡️ It is the staple food crop of a majority of Indian.
Geographical Requirement
Temperature -- Above 25 degree Celsius
Rainfall -- Annual rainfall ☔ above 100 cm.
Note -- In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.
Regions -- Northern plains, North-eastern states, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
b) Wheat (Rabi)
➡️ This is the second most important cereal.
Geographical requirement
Temperature : cold during the growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
☔ Rainfall : 50-75 cm
Wheat growing zones
a) The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west.
b) Black soil region of the Deccan.
States -- Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar etc.
c) Millets
They are coarse grains but they have very high nutritional value.
e. g :- Jowar, Bajra and Ragi
Jowar
➡️It is the third most important food crop in India with respect to area and production.
➡️ It is a rain-fed crop which means it entirely depends upon rainfall and hardly requires any irrigation.
States -- Maharashtra, Karnataka etc.
Bajra
➡️It grows well on sandy and shallow black soils.
States -- Rajasthan, UP, Maharashtra etc.
Ragi
➡️ This is a crop of dry regions .
➡️This grows well on red, black, loamy and sandy soils.
➡️ Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium and roughage etc.
d) Maize(Kharif)🌽
➡️It is a crop used as both food and fodder.
Geographical requirement
Temperature : 21 to 27 degree Celsius
Soil : Old alluvial soil
Note -- It is a kharif crop but in some states it is grown in rabi season also.
e. g: Bihar
States -- Karnataka, UP, Bihar etc.
e) Pulses
➡️ India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
➡️ These are the major sources of protein in a vegetarian diet.
➡️Major pulses grown in India are arhar, urad, moong, masur ,peas and gram.
Features
a. Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
b. They help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
c. Therefore these crops are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.
d. Major Pulses producing states are MP, UP,Rajasthan etc.
Food crops other than grains
a) Sugarcane
➡️ It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop.
Geographical requirement :
Temperature: 21°C to 27°C
Rainfall :75cm to 100cm. Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.
➡️ It is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.
➡️ The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka etc.
b) Oil Seeds
➡️ Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
Use : a) Most of these are edible and used
as cooking mediums.
b) They are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
Groundnut
➡️It is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.
➡️Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut.
d) Tea:
➡️Tea cultivation is an example of
plantation agriculture.
➡️It is also an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British.
➡️Today, most of the tea plantations are owned by Indians.
Climate :warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
Soil : deep and fertile well-drained soil, Rainfall : Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year
Labour : It requires abundant,cheap and skilled labour.
States:Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts.
d) Coffee
➡️ Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
➡️The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country.
➡️This variety is in great demand all over the world.
➡️ Intially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills .
e) Horticulture Crops
India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Fruits States
Mangoes --- Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
oranges --- Nagpur and Cherrapunjee
Bananas -- Kerala, Mizoram
lichi and guava -- UP and Bihar
Pineapples -- Meghalaya
Grapes -- Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
Apples, pears --- J&K and Himachal Pradesh
Vegetables
➡️India produces about 13 per cent of the
world’s vegetables.
➡️It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
Non-Food Crops
a) Rubber
Geographical requirement
Rainfall : More than 200 cm
Temperature : above 25°C.
➡️Rubber is an important industrial raw
material for making tyres etc.
➡️ It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil
Nadu etc.
b) Fibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms. It feeds on green leaves specially mulberry.
Notes -- Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
Cotton(kharif)
➡️Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry.
Soil : Drier parts of the black cotton soil
Temperature : High temperature
Rainfall : Light rainfall or irrigation
States :Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh etc.
Jute:
➡️It is known as the golden fibre.
Soil : well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains.
Temperature :High temperature is required during thetime of growth.
States :West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute
producing states.
Use: It is used in making gunny
bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets etc.
Loss : Due to its high cost, it is losing
market to synthetic fibres and packing
materials, particularly the nylon.
4. Technological and Institutional reforms
#Land Reforms after independence
a. Collectivisation
b. Consolidation of holdings
c. Abolition of Zamindari
#Further reforms
The laws of land reforms were enacted but it was not implemented strictly. The government of India made following agricultural reforms to improve agriculture.
a. Green Revolution
b. White Revolution (Operation flood)
These were limited to a few selected areas.
#Comprehensive land development programme
a. Provision for crop insurance against natural calamities.
b. Setting up of Grameen Banks.
c. Kisan credit card (KCC)
d. Personal accident insurance scheme (PAIS)
e. Special programmes on Radio and TV for awareness about agriculture.
Bhoodan - Gramdan Movement
This movement was initiated by Vinoba Bhave (spiritual heir of Gandhiji).
In this movement many rich landlords donated their land as well as villages to landless people.
Note- This movement is also known as blood-less revolution.
#Contribution of agriculture to the National economy
Agriculture's share in GDP --- declining from 1951.
Effects of decline
It will lead to decline in other spheres of the economy.
#Steps taken by the government to modernize agriculture
a. Setting up of ICAR(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
b. Vetenary services and animal breeding centre.
c. Horticulture development
d. Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast.
6. Impact of globalisation on agriculture
History
Globalisation is not a new phenomenon.
a. European's arrival
European traders came to India to take spices to the different countries of the world.This encouraged the farmers of south India to grow these crops.
b. In British period
During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British .They took Cotton as raw materials to their textile industry.
c. Champaran movement
The champaran movement was started because farmers of that region were forced to grow indigo.
After 1990
After 1990, farmers in India were not able to compete with the developed countries in agriculture due to -----------highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Manufacturing
3. Classification of industry
4. Agro- based industry
5. Mineral - based industries
6. Industrial pollution and environmental degradation
7. Control of Environmental Degradation
1. Introduction
Definition -- The process in which raw materials are transformed into valuable products in large quantity is called manufacturing .
The industry where this is done is called manufacturing industry.
e.g :- Sugar mill where sugarcane is converted into sugar .
Here sugarcane = raw materials
and sugar = a valuable product
📝 Note -- Manufacturing industry is also called secondary sector .
2. Importance of manufacturing
It is considered the backbone of economic development because
a) It helps in modernising the agriculture.
b) It reduces heavy dependence of people on agricultural incomes .
c) It helps in reducing unemployment and poverty.
d) The manufactured goods can be exported which also helps in expanding trade and bringing much needed foreign exchange .
Q. "Agriculture and industry are dependent on each other", Justify this statement.
➡️ The industry uses raw materials from agriculture sector.
➡️ The agriculture sector obtains many equipments from industry like tractors, fertilizers and tools etc....
Contribution of Industry to National economy
➡️ The share of manufacturing sector in GDP has been less than the East Asian economies.
➡️ To develop the sector of manufacturing industries, government has set up national manufacturimg competitiveness council (NMCC).
# Industrial Location
The location of a factory is influenced by the following factors.
a) Availability of raw materials
b) Availability of Labour
c) Availability of power
d) Government policies
e) Closeness to markets
# Relation between industrialisation and Urbanization
➡️ After an industrial activity starts in rural areas , the urbanisation begins to happen.
➡️ Sometimes they are located in or near cities. Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport and labour etc to the industries.
➡️ When many Industries make use of advantages offered by the urban center , that is known as agglomeration economies.
3.Classification of industries
a) On the basis of raw material used
i )Agro-based industries
The industries which uses agricultural goods as raw materials is called agro based industry.
E. g:- cotton, Jute , silk , tea and sugar etc
ii) Mineral-based industries
The industries that uses Minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
e.g :- Iron and Steel , Cement , Aluminium etc .
b) On the Basis of Role Played by Them
➡️ basic or key industries
The industries which supply their products as raw material to other industries are called basic or key industries.
e.g :- Iron and Steel , Copper smelting etc
➡️ Consumer Industries
The Industries whose goods are directly used by the consumers are called consumer industry.
e.g :- Sugar , toothpaste , paper etc.
c) On the Basis of Capital Investment
➡️ Small Scale Industries
The industries which make investment upto 1 crore is referred to as small scale industies.
➡️ Large Scale Industries
The industries which make investment above 1 crore is called large scale industry.
d) On the Basis of Ownership
➡️ Public Sector
The sector which are owned and operated by government agencies.
e.g :- BHEL , SAIL etc
➡️ Private Sector
The industries which are owned by and operated by individual or group of individuals .
e.g :- Tisco , Bajaj Auto Limited etc
✔️ Joint Sector
The Sector which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals is called joint sector .
e.g :- Oil India Limited
✔️ Cooperative sector
The sector which are owned and operated by the producer or suppliers of raw material , workers or both .
They share profit and loss together .
e. g :- sugar industry in Maharashtra
e) On the basis of bulk and weight
➡️ Heavy Industries
The industries in which large machines and heavy raw materials are used to produce product which are heavy or bulky.
e. g :- Automobile and Construction machinery.
➡️ Light industries
The industries which uses light raw material and produces light goods are called light industries
e.g :- Electrical and Toy Industries
4. Agro Based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and
edible oil etc. industries are based on
agricultural raw materials.
A. Textile Industry:
The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes to :
a) industrial production ,
b) employment generation ( The Second largest after agriculture) and
c) foreign exchange earnings .
d) It contributes 4 % towards GDP.
e) It is the only industry in the country,
which is self-reliant and complete in the value
chain i.e., from raw material to the highest
value added products.
i) Cotton Textiles:
➡️ In ancient India, cotton
textiles were produced with hand spinning
and handloom weaving techniques.
➡️ After the 18th century, power-looms came into use.
➡️Our traditional industries suffered a setback
during the colonial period because they
could not compete with the mill-made cloth
from England.
#Concentration in Maharashtra and Gujarat
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to the availability of
a) raw cotton
b) Market
c) Transport
d) Accessible port facilities
e) labour,
f) moist climate.
#Cotton Industry supports :
➡️ This industry provides a living to farmers.
➡️ It also provide job to cotton boll pluckers and workers.
➡️ The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials etc.
Spinning
Spinning continues to be centralised
in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Weaving
➡️ Weaving is highly decentralised to provide
scope for traditional skills and
designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
➡ ️India has world class production in spinning, but when it comes to weaving it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
➡️ India exports yarn to Japan. Other
importers of cotton goods from India are
U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European
countries etc.
Challenges faced by industry
➡️ Power supply is erratic
➡️ Machinery needs to be upgraded
➡️ Low output of labour and
➡️ Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
ii) Jute Textiles
Rank - India (1st in production )
- India (2nd in export after Bangladesh)
#Factors responsible for their location in
the Hugli basin are
➡️ Raw materials are easily available in large amount
➡️ Inexpensive water transport
➡️ Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways .
This helps in the movement of raw material to the mills.
➡️ Abundant water for processing raw jute
➡️ Cheap labour from West Bengal and
adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
➡️ Kolkata -- as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
Challenges faced by the industry
➡️ Stiff competition in the international market from Synthetic Jutes
➡️ from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines etc.
Opportunities
The internal demand has increased due
to the Government policy of mandatory use of
jute packaging.
National Jute Policy
In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the purpose of
. Increasing quality and quantity
. and ensuring good prices to the jute farmers
Note -- The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia.
iii) Sugar Industry
Rank -- India ( 2nd in Sugar)
- India ( 1st in Gur and Khandsari )
Location -- 60 % mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Note --This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is
ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
# Reason to Concentrate in the southern
and western states in recent years
✔️ The cane produced here has a
higher sucrose content.
✔️ Favourable climate
✔️ The cooperatives are more
successful in these states.
# Major challenges
➡️ The seasonal nature of the industry
➡️ old and inefficient methods of production
➡️ Transport delay in reaching cane to factories
➡️ Baggage are not used in maximum.
➡️ The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage (transporting ) , its sucrose content reduces.
Mineral based Industries
Industries that use minerals and metal as raw materials are called Mineral Based Industries.
1. Iron and Steel Industry
Traits
➡️ This Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of product.
e. g :- Construction material, Defence, Medical, scientific equipment etc.
➡️ Iron and steel is a heavy industry
because all the raw materials as well as
finished goods are heavy and bulky .
Rank -- India ( 4th in Steel)
--- India (1st in Sponge Iron)
Note -- Most of the public sector undertakings
market their steel through Steel Authority of
India Ltd. (SAIL).
#Concentration of iron and steel industries in Chotanagpur plateau region
a) Low cost of iron ore
b) High grade raw materials
c) Cheap labour and
d) Vast growth potential in the home market.
Challenges
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) Lower productivity of labour
(c) Irregular supply of energy and
(d) Poor infrastructure.
Note -- Liberalisation and Foreign Direct
Investment have given a boost to the industry
with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
2. Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most
important metallurgical industry in India.
Traits
a) It is light.
b) It has resistant to corrosion.
c) It is good conductor of heat.
d) It is malleable and
e) becomes strong when it is
mixed with other metals.
Use -- It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Note -- It has replaced steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Location -- Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh etc.
Why here ?
a) Regular supply of electricity and
b) Raw material at minimum cost
Note -- Bauxite, the raw material used in the
smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured
rock.
3. Chemical Industries
➡️ The Chemical industry in India is fast growing
and diversifying.
➡️ It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.
➡️ It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
Types
a) Inorganic chemicals
e. g :- i) Sulphuric Acid ( Used to manufacture Fertilisers, Synthetic Fibres, Plastics, Adhesives, Paints, Dyes Stuffs ),
ii) Nitric acid ( Used to make fertiliser)
iii) Alkalies
iv) Soda ash
b) Organic Chemicals
➡️ It includes petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
➡️ Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
# The chemical industry is its own largest
consumer. How?
Basic chemicals undergo processing
to further produce other chemicals that are
used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
4. Fertiliser Industry
➡️ The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of
✔️ nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly
urea),
✔️ phosphatic fertilisers and
✔️ phosphate (DAP) and
✔️ complex fertilisers which
have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate(P), and potash (K).
Note -- The potash is entirely imported.
➡️ After the Green Revolution the industry
expanded to several other parts of the country.
e. g :- Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
Cement Industry
Requirement -- Limestone, Silica, Alumina and Gypsum
Use -- building houses, factories, bridges,
roads, airports etc
Note -- The first Cement plant was set up in
Chennai in 1904.
After Independence the
cement industry made rapid
strides in capacity, process, technology and
production.
Market -- East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country.
Conclusion -- This industry is doing well in terms of production
as well as export. Efforts are being made to
generate adequate domestic demand and
supply in order to sustain this industry.
Automobile Industry
➡️ It provides vehicle for quick
transport of good services and passengers.
➡️ Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters,
three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are
manufactured in India at various centres.
➡️ This industry had experienced a
quantum jump in less than 15 years because of Foreign
Direct Investment.
Major Location --- Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and
Electronics Industry
➡️ The electronics industry covers a wide range
of products from transistor sets to television,
telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone
exchange, radars, computers etc.
➡️ Bangalore has
emerged as the electronic capital of India. ➡️ Other
important centres for electronic goods are
Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
➡️
Concentration of IT industry --- Bangalore, Noida,
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.
Traits
➡️ It has better performance on
employment generation.
➡️ It is encouraging to
know that 30% women are employed
in this sector .
➡️ This industry has
been a major foreign exchange earner in the
last two or three years because of its fast
growing Business Processes Outsourcing
(BPO) sector.
➡️ The continuing growth in the
hardware and software is the key to the success
Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Degradation
Although industries contribute
significantly to the development but
they have also caused pollution , which
cannot be overlooked.
Industries are responsible for four types of
pollution:
i) Air pollution
It is caused by the presence of high
proportion of
sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and dust, sprays mist and
smoke.
Effects :-
Air pollution
badly affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
ii ) Water pollution
➡️ It is caused by organic and
inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
discharged into rivers.
➡ Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and
dyeing etc are mainly responsible for it..
Note -- Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron
and steel slags are the major solid wastes
in india.
Thermal pollution
Thermal Pollution of water occurs when
hot water from factories and thermal
plants is
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
Effects :
It causes cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
Soil Pollution
➡️ Soil and water pollution are closely related.
➡️ Dumping of wastes specially glass,
harmful chemicals, packaging, salts
and garbage renders the soil useless.
➡️Rain water takes the soil carrying the
pollutants to the ground and the ground
water also gets contaminated.
Noise pollution
➡️ machinery, factory equipment,
generators,and electric drills also
make a lot of noise.
Effects
It can cause
a) irritation
b) anger
c) hearing
impairment,
d) increased heart rate and blood
pressure
Control of Environmental Degradation
Following steps can be taken to control the environmental degradation..
(i) Minimising use water for processing by
reusing and recycling it in two or more
successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water
requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before
releasing them in rivers and ponds.
iv) Overdrawing of ground water reserves
also needs to be regulated legally.
v) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters etc.
vi) Smoke can be reduced by
using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
vii) Machinery and equipment and
generators should be fitted with silencers.
NTPC shows the way
➡️ NTPC is a major power providing corporation
in India.
➡️ It has ISO certification for EMS
(Environment Management System) .
➡️The corporation has a pro-active approach
for preserving the natural environment and
resources like water, oil and gas and fuels
in places where it is setting up power plants.
Steps taken by them are :
(a)
Adopting the latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by
maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts by afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through
ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its
power stations.
~Seminary Classes
Tag:- Manufacturing Industry Notes, Class X SST notes.
~Seminary Classes
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